Biological, Psychological, Social, and Legal Aspects of Trans Parenthood Based on a Real Case-A Literature Review.

Trans men are people who, based on their genitals, were assigned the status of female at birth. However, their identity and their way of living gender do not correspond to the socially established norms. In this paper, we discuss the different perspectives in relation to transgender people and their desire for parenthood. This review, and the basis of this paper, is inspired by the case of a trans man who desired gestation with his own genetic material. He began the cycle of assisted reproduction when he was a legally recognized woman, but that attempt ended with a miscarriage. From that assisted reproduction cycle, four embryos remained frozen. After the failed experience of gestation, the person completed his transition. Now legally a man, he attempted to gestate using his reproductive organs. This literature review aimed to identify relevant studies describing the relationship between transgender person and biological parenthood. This study comprehensively addresses important aspects one should know when considering a transgender pregnancy. These factors include biological, psychological, social, and legal issues. After reviewing the state-of-the-art information on trans parenthood, the main conclusion is that 'the desire to have a child is not a male or female desire but a human desire'.

Contextual performance in academic settings: the role of personality, self-efficacy, and impression management / El desempeño contextual en entornos académicos: el papel de la personalidad, la autoeficacia y el manejo de la imagen

The main purpose of this paper was to analyse the predictive role of personality, self-efficacy, and impression management on contextual performance in academic settings. A sample of 223 university students voluntarily answered a battery of tests on-line. Results showed that conscientiousness, extraversion, and agreeableness, as well as self-efficacy, predict contextual performance self-evaluations. Furthermore, the significant interaction between conscientiousness and self-efficacy multiplies their influence. Besides, impression management contributes to predicting contextual performance, but did not interact with the remaining variables. Results related to personality and self-efficacy are consistent with those found in work settings

El propósito principal de esta investigación ha sido analizar el papel predictor de las dimensiones de la personalidad, la percepción de autoeficacia y el manejo de la imagen en el desempeño contextual en entornos académicos. La muestra estuvo compuesta por 223 estudiantes universitarios, que cumplimentaron una batería de cuestionarios a través de una aplicación informática. Los resultados mostraron que responsabilidad, extraversión y amabilidad son las dimensiones de personalidad que, junto con autoeficacia, predicen la autoevaluación del desempeño contextual. Además, la variable responsabilidad interactúa con la autoeficacia, de modo que el papel predictivo de dicha variable de personalidad se incrementa a medida que aumenta la autoeficacia. Por otra parte, el manejo de la imagen explicó parte de la varianza de desempeño contextual autoevaluado, pero no interactuó con las restantes variables. Los resultados obtenidos respecto a las dimensiones de personalidad y la autoeficacia son coherentes con los encontrados en contextos laborales

They do not suffer like us: the differential attribution of social pain as a dehumanization criterion in children / Ellos no sufren como nosotros: la atribución diferencial de dolor social como criterio de deshumanización en niños

BACKGROUND: Social pain is considered a feature of humanity. The goal of this study was to confirm whether children, like adults, dehumanise out-group members attributing them less capacity to experience social pain than to in-group members. METHODS: A total of 119 participants aged between 9 and 13 years responded to a questionnaire which collected information about situations that caused physical pain and situations that caused social pain. The task of the participants was to indicate to what extent they considered that two persons (a member of the in-group and a member of an out-group) would experience pain in each situation. RESULTS: The results indicated that there was a higher estimate of social pain suffered by in-group members. There were no significant differences in the case of situations that generated physical in the groups. CONCLUSIONS: The results were analysed from the dehumanisation perspective

ANTECEDENTES: se considera que la capacidad de experimentar dolor social es una característica exclusivamente humana. El objetivo de esta investigación es comprobar si los niños, al igual que los adultos, deshumanizan a los miembros de exogrupos atribuyéndoles menos capacidad de experimentar dolor social que a los miembros del endogrupo. MÉTODO: un total de 119 participantes de entre 9 y 13 años respondieron a un cuestionario en el que se recogían situaciones que causan dolor físico y situaciones que causan dolor de tipo social. La tarea de los participantes era indicar en qué medida consideraban que dos personas (un miembro del endogrupo y un miembro de un exogrupo) experimentarían dolor en cada una de las situaciones. RESULTADOS: los resultados indican que se produce una mayor estimación de dolor social en los miembros del endogrupo que en los miembros del exogrupo. En el caso de las situaciones que generan dolor físico no se encontraron diferencias significativas en función del grupo. CONCLUSIONES: los resultados se analizan desde la perspectiva de la deshumanización

They do not suffer like us: The differential attribution of social pain as a dehumanization criterion in children.

BACKGROUND: Social pain is considered a feature of humanity. The goal of this study was to confirm whether children, like adults, dehumanise out-group members attributing them less capacity to experience social pain than to in-group members. METHODS: A total of 119 participants aged between 9 and 13 years responded to a questionnaire which collected information about situations that caused physical pain and situations that caused social pain. The task of the participants was to indicate to what extent they considered that two persons (a member of the in-group and a member of an out-group) would experience pain in each situation. RESULTS: The results indicated that there was a higher estimate of social pain suffered by in-group members. There were no significant differences in the case of situations that generated physical in the groups. CONCLUSIONS: The results were analysed from the dehumanisation perspective.

Do they feel the same as us? The infrahumanization of individuals with Down síndrome / ¿Sienten como nosotros? La infrahumanización de las personas con síndrome de Down

BACKGROUND: Research on infrahumanization shows there is a strong tendency to deprive outgroups of the ability to experience secondary emotions when compared to ingroups. However, it is not known whether this tendency is also applied to social groups towards which ambivalent attitudes are held, such as individuals with Down syndrome. METHODS: In the first study, participants were asked to attribute primary and secondary emotions to members of the ingroup (students) and outgroup (individuals with Down syndrome). The second study explored the effect of the physical features of Down syndrome on the differential association of emotions. A lexical decision task preceded by photographs of three face types (adults with Down syndrome, adults with ambiguous faces and adults without Down syndrome) was used for that purpose. RESULTS: The results showed a higher attribution of secondary emotions to members of the ingroup than to members of the outgroup. Also revealed that participants associated secondary emotions with the faces of adults without Down syndrome and with ambiguous faces far more quickly than with faces of individuals with Down syndrome. CONCLUSIONS: These results confirm the existence of infrahumanization bias and the effect of visibility of the stigma in this subtle type of prejudice

ANTECEDENTES: las investigaciones sobre infrahumanización muestran que hay una fuerte inclinación a privar a los exogrupos de la capacidad de experimentar emociones secundarias, en comparación con los endogrupos. Sin embargo, desconocemos si esta tendencia se aplica a grupos sociales hacia los que se mantienen actitudes ambivalentes, como las personas con síndrome de Down. MÉTODO: en el primer estudio se pidió a los participantes que atribuyeran emociones primarias y secundarias a los miembros del endogrupo (estudiantes) y del exogrupo (personas con síndrome de Down). El segundo estudio exploró el efecto que tenían los rasgos físicos de síndrome de Down en la asociación diferencial de emociones. Se empleó una tarea de decisión léxica precedida por fotografías de tres tipos de rostros (adultos con síndrome de Down, adultos con caras ambiguas y adultos sin síndrome de Down).RESULTADOS: se produjo una mayor atribución de emociones secundarias a los miembros del endogrupo que del exogrupo. Los participantes asociaron con mayor rapidez emociones secundarias a caras de adultos sin síndrome de Down y a caras ambiguas, en comparación con las caras de personas con síndrome de Down. CONCLUSIONES: estos resultados confirman la existencia del sesgo de infrahumanización y el papel de la visibilidad del estigma

Do they feel the same as us? The infrahumanization of individuals with Down syndrome.

BACKGROUND: Research on infrahumanization shows there is a strong tendency to deprive outgroups of the ability to experience secondary emotions when compared to ingroups. However, it is not known whether this tendency is also applied to social groups towards which ambivalent attitudes are held, such as individuals with Down syndrome. METHODS: In the first study, participants were asked to attribute primary and secondary emotions to members of the ingroup (students) and outgroup (individuals with Down syndrome). The second study explored the effect of the physical features of Down syndrome on the differential association of emotions. A lexical decision task preceded by photographs of three face types (adults with Down syndrome, adults with ambiguous faces and adults without Down syndrome) was used for that purpose. RESULTS: The results showed a higher attribution of secondary emotions to members of the ingroup than to members of the outgroup. Also revealed that participants associated secondary emotions with the faces of adults without Down syndrome and with ambiguous faces far more quickly than with faces of individuals with Down syndrome. CONCLUSIONS: These results confirm the existence of infrahumanization bias and the effect of visibility of the stigma in this subtle type of prejudice.

Infrahumanization in children: An evaluation of 70 terms relating to humanity / Infrahumanización en niños: evaluación de 70 términos relacionados con humanidad

BACKGROUND: Research on infrahumanization has revealed that individuals attribute more secondary emotions to the in-group than to the out-group, whose capacity to experience them is denied or restricted. When this bias has been examined in children, researchers have used the same taxonomy of affective terms as that used with adults. The aim of this research is to conduct a normative study that will equip researchers with a taxonomy of humanity attributed to emotional terms specifically for children. METHODS: Three hundred and sixty-three children aged between 11 and 12 responded to several questionnaires containing a total of 70 emotional terms, evaluated in eight dimensions associated with the perception of humanity. RESULTS: Principal component analysis shows that children categorize implicit dimensions associated with humanity differently to adults. CONCLUSIONS: This normative study enables the selection of graded emotional terms in humanity perceived by a child sample, in order to overcome current limitations in research on infrahumanization in children

ANTECEDENTES: las investigaciones sobre la infrahumanización han revelado que las personas atribuyen más sentimientos al endogrupo que al exogrupo, al que niegan o restringen la capacidad para experimentarlos. Cuando se ha investigado este sesgo en niños, los investigadores han utilizado la misma taxonomía de rasgos emocionales que con adultos. El objetivo de esta investigación es realizar un estudio normativo que permita a los investigadores tener una taxonomía de humanidad atribuida a los términos emocionales específica para niños. MÉTODO: 363 niños de entre 11 y 12 años respondieron diferentes cuestionarios relativos a un total de 70 términos emocionales, evaluados en ocho dimensiones relacionadas con la percepción de humanidad. RESULTADOS: el análisis de componentes principales muestra que los niños agrupan las dimensiones implícitas asociadas a humanidad de modo diferente a los adultos. CONCLUSIONES: este estudio normativo permite seleccionar términos emocionales graduados en humanidad percibida por una muestra infantil, con el fin de superar las limitaciones encontradas hasta el momento en la investigación sobre infrahumanización en niños

Infrahumanization in children: An evaluation of 70 terms relating to humanity.

BACKGROUND: Research on infrahumanization has revealed that individuals attribute more secondary emotions to the in-group than to the out-group, whose capacity to experience them is denied or restricted. When this bias has been examined in children, researchers have used the same taxonomy of affective terms as that used with adults. The aim of this research is to conduct a normative study that will equip researchers with a taxonomy of humanity attributed to emotional terms specifically for children. METHODS: Three hundred and sixty-three children aged between 11 and 12 responded to several questionnaires containing a total of 70 emotional terms, evaluated in eight dimensions associated with the perception of humanity. RESULTS: Principal component analysis shows that children categorize implicit dimensions associated with humanity differently to adults. CONCLUSIONS: This normative study enables the selection of graded emotional terms in humanity perceived by a child sample, in order to overcome current limitations in research on infrahumanization in children.

Relationships between Contextual and Task Performance and Interrater Agreement: Are There Any?

Work performance is one of the most important dependent variables in Work and Organizational Psychology. The main objective of this paper was to explore the relationships between citizenship performance and task performance measures obtained from different appraisers and their consistency through a seldom-used methodology, intraclass correlation coefficients. Participants were 135 public employees, the total staff in a local government department. Jobs were clustered into job families through a work analysis based on standard questionnaires. A task description technique was used to develop a performance appraisal questionnaire for each job family, with three versions: self-, supervisor-, and peer-evaluation, in addition to a measure of citizenship performance. Only when the self-appraisal bias is controlled, significant correlations appeared between task performance rates. However, intraclass correlations analyses show that only self- (contextual and task) performance measures are consistent, while interrater agreement disappears. These results provide some interesting clues about the procedure of appraisal instrument development, the role of appraisers, and the importance of choosing adequate consistency analysis methods.

Factores relevantes para aumentar la precisión, la viabilidad y el éxito de los sistemas de evaluación del desempeño laboral / Relevant factors to increase the accuracy, feasibility and success of job performance evaluation systems

La situación de crisis económica en nuestro país ha provocado, por una parte, un incremento del interés de las organizaciones en la evaluación del desempeño laboral. Por otra parte, está produciendo una mayor resistencia a la evaluación por parte de los evaluados, que miran con desconfianza y preocupación su evaluación en momentos de dificultades económicas. Por ello, en situaciones económicas como la actual, es muy importante desarrollar escalas de evaluación que permitan lograr la efectividad, la credibilidad y el éxito de estos sistemas. El objetivo general de este trabajo es aportar resultados dirigidos a que los sistemas de evaluación sean valorados positivamente tanto por la organización como por los participantes. Para ello es necesario que: (a) las escalas de respuesta usadas ofrezcan datos precisos y fiables; y (b) los procedimientos aplicados para la evaluación sean percibidos como justos y fiables por los participantes

The situation of economic crisis in Spain has motivated an increasing interest in employee performance evaluation in organizations. On the other hand, it is also producing greater resistance to this evaluation on the part of appraisees, who regard these processes with suspicion and concern in these times of economic difficulties. Therefore, in economic situations like the current one, it is very important to develop assessment scales that facilitate the effectiveness, credibility and success of these systems. The general goal of this work is to provide results that can help evaluation systems to be positively valued by organizations as well as by their members. For this it is necessary that: (a) the response scales used offer precise and reliable data; and (b) the procedures applied to assess performance are perceived as fair and reliable by the participants

Terroristas y víctimas. La infrahumanización de los marroquíes después del 11-M / Terrorists and victims. Infrahumanization of Moroccans after 11-M

Los estudios sobre infrahumanización verifican que las personas atribuyen más sentimientos al endogrupo que al exogrupo. Sin embargo, aún sabemos poco sobre el efecto de distintos contextos intergrupales en este sesgo. El objetivo principal de este estudio fue comprobar la naturaleza cambiante de la infrahumanización del exogrupo marroquíes inmediatamente después de los atentados del 11-M y siete años más tarde. Para ello, se analizaron las variaciones en la atribución de cualidades esenciales humanas, los sentimientos, a los marroquíes tras activar dos escenarios opuestos: culpables del acto terrorista del 11-M o víctimas del mismo atentado. Los resultados muestran que el grado de infrahumanización de los marroquíes en el contexto de perpetradores no varía significativamente respecto al grupo control. En cambio, no se produce infrahumanización cuando se les asocia a un contexto de víctimas aunque solo inmediatamente después del atentado, ya que siete años después este efecto desaparece (AU)

Infrahumanization studies have verified that most people attribute more secondary emotions to the ingroup than to the outgroup. However, these results may vary with changing contexts. The main objective of this study was to investigate the infrahumanization of Moroccans, depending on the context, after the 11-M attacks and seven years later. For this purpose, variations that occur in the allocation of essential human qualities -secondary emotions- were analyzed by activating images of outgroup members in two opposite contexts: Guilty of the terrorist attack or its victim. The results show that the infrahumanization of the Moroccans in the perpetrator context does not change significantly with regard to the control group. However, infrahumanization does not take place when Moroccans are associated with a victim context, though only immediately after the terrorist attack, because seven years later, this effect disappears (AU)

[Terrorists and victims. Infrahumanization of Moroccans after 11-M]. / Terroristas y víctimas. La infrahumanización de los marroquíes después del 11-M.

Infrahumanization studies have verified that most people attribute more secondary emotions to the ingroup than to the outgroup. However, these results may vary with changing contexts. The main objective of this study was to investigate the infrahumanization of Moroccans, depending on the context, after the 11-M attacks and seven years later. For this purpose, variations that occur in the allocation of essential human qualities--secondary emotions--were analyzed by activating images of outgroup members in two opposite contexts: Guilty of the terrorist attack or its victim. The results show that the infrahumanization of the Moroccans in the perpetrator context does not change significantly with regard to the control group. However, infrahumanization does not take place when Moroccans are associated with a victim context, though only immediately after the terrorist attack, because seven years later, this effect disappears.

La infrahumanización de exogrupos en el mundo. El papel de la similitud, la amistad intergrupal, el conocimiento del exogrupo y el estatus / Infra-humanization of outgroups throughout the world. The role of similarity, intergroup friendship, knowledge of the outgroup, and status

Estudios sobre infrahumanización han confirmado que existe una mayor atribución de sentimientos al endogrupo que al exogrupo independientemente de la valencia de estas emociones. Sin embargo, las variables que conducen a la elección de qué exogrupos pueden ser infrahumanizados han recibido escasa atención. A través de este estudio se pretende determinar algunas de las variables relevantes en el dominio intergrupal que puedan provocar este tipo de prejuicio. El efecto de la similitud, amistad intergrupal, conocimiento del exogrupo y estatus se analizan en relación con la humanización de exogrupos de todo el mundo. Los resultados verificaron que no todos los exogrupos son igualmente humanizados. Un segundo hallazgo reveló que la similitud entre los grupos, la amistad y el conocimiento de los exogrupos incrementa la atribución de sentimientos hacia estos, mientras que el estatus no está relacionado con la humanización del exogrupo (AU)

Studies on infra-humanization have confirmed a greater attribution of secondary emotions to the in-group than to out-groups, independently of the valence of these emotions. However, the variables leading to the choice of which out-groups are likely to be infra-humanized have received limited attention in the literature. This study is concerned with determining some of the relevant variables within the intergroup domain that may elicit this type of prejudice. The roles of similarity, intergroup friendship, knowledge of the out-group, and status are analyzed with respect to the humanization of out-groups throughout the world. Results verify that not all out-groups are equally humanized. A second finding reveals that intergroup similarity, friendship, and knowledge of the out-groups increase the attribution of secondary emotions towards them, while status, as expected, is not related with out-group humanization (AU)

Contexto laboral hostil ante el embarazo: efectos sobre la salud de las trabajadoras embarazadas / Hostile worpla ces for pregnant workers: Effects on health

Objetivo: Analizar la influencia de un contexto laboral hostil ante el embarazo sobre el nivel de estrés y sobre comportamientosrelacionados con la salud en trabajadoras embarazadas.Métodos: Se incluyeron en el estudio mujeres de unidades de consulta de ginecología y obstetricia y centros de educaciónmaternal que hubieran trabajado durante el embarazo y/o hubieran dejado de trabajar como consecuencia del mismo. Seutilizó un cuestionario autocumplimentado, incluyendo preguntas sobre la percepción del contexto laboral durante el embarazo(actitudes y valoración del embarazo en la empresa; autoexigencia, oportunidades de promoción e importancia del trabajopara la mujer), sobre el nivel de estrés laboral y sobre comportamientos relacionados con la salud durante el embarazo,además de características personales y laborales de las mujeres. Los datos se analizaron mediante regresión lineal múltiple.Resultados: En la muestra analizada se incluyeron 188 mujeres. La percepción de las actitudes organizacionales haciael embarazo y su valoración en la empresa, la importancia del trabajo para la mujer, la seguridad laboral y las oportunidadesde promoción presentan relación con todas las dimensiones de estrés analizadas (R2 entre 0,10 y 0,49; p<0,05). También seobserva relación con el retraso en la comunicación del embarazo en la empresa (R2=0,19; p<0,05) y con la intención de renunciara días de permiso por maternidad (R2=0,11; p<0,05).Conclusiones: La percepción de un contexto laboral hostil ante el embarazo aumenta los niveles de estrés en las trabajadorasembarazadas y se relaciona con comportamientos de riesgo en relación con el embarazo(AU)

Objective: To analyze the effects of hostile work environments towards pregnancy on occupational stress and healthrelatedbehaviors of pregnant workers.Methods: Women from gynecological and maternal education offices who were employed during pregnancy and/orleft their job because of being pregnant were identified for the study and completed a self-administered questionnaire thatcollected information on their perception of attitudes towards pregnancy at their workplaces, self-imposed demands at work, job promotion opportunities, importance of a job for the women, several occupational stress dimensions, health-relatedbehaviors during pregnancy and personal and job characteristics. Multiple lineal regression models were built for analyses.Results: The sample includes 188 women. Organizational attitudes and values towards pregnancy, importance of a jobfor the women, job security and job promotion opportunities were associated with all stress dimensions (R2 from 0.10 to0.49). Associations with delay in reporting pregnancy at work (R2=0.19) and intention to forego days of maternity leave(R2=0.11) were also observed.Conclusions: The perception of hostile work environments towards pregnancy increases stress levels and are associatedwith unhealthy behaviors in pregnant workers(AU)